Sports management, marketing
mohamad najmi; Abbas Naghizadeh-Baghi; Nasrin Azizian kohan; Mehrdad Moharramzadeh
Abstract
Crowdfunding has become a valuable source of investment for new businesses and projects.
The present research was conducted with the purpose of explaining the design of the collective financing model of Iranian football clubs based on the data theory of the foundation. This research is applied in terms ...
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Crowdfunding has become a valuable source of investment for new businesses and projects.
The present research was conducted with the purpose of explaining the design of the collective financing model of Iranian football clubs based on the data theory of the foundation. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of collection method in the category of qualitative research and was conducted using the data theory method of the foundation. The statistical population of this research includes presidents and vice presidents of the football federation, the country's football league, presidents of football boards, managing directors and members of the board of directors of football clubs in the provinces of the country, and the sampling was continued with a targeted method until reaching theoretical saturation (N = 15). Research data analysis was done with MAXQDA2020 software. In this research, in order to check the validity of the methods of validity, transferability, reliability and verifiability, and to calculate the reliability, the method of agreement between the coders and determination of Felice Cappa coefficient was used. According to the first methodological process, the codes related to the topic were identified from the primary data, and 92 open codes were obtained. In the axial coding stage, 21 subcategories were determined. In the selective coding stage, sub-categories were classified according to causal, contextual, intervening, strategic and dimensions of financial crowdsourcing, and the corresponding model was presented. In general, the results of the current research strengthen the knowledge base of crowdfunding and confirm the low ability and lack of necessary platforms for income generation, the existence of weak and inefficient structures of football clubs in the country and the accumulation of debts in the clubs. It is hoped that this exploratory study will be the basis and stimulus for future efforts to improve and optimize the performance of football clubs and reduce their debts and financial problems
Sports management, marketing
Zahra Sohrabi; Mehrdad Moharramzadeh; Rasool Nazari
Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim of developing a business ethics model for the management of professional sports clubs in Iran, and to investigate the ethical complexities in sports management. The research process began with the selection of the field based on the researcher's interest in ...
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The present study was conducted with the aim of developing a business ethics model for the management of professional sports clubs in Iran, and to investigate the ethical complexities in sports management. The research process began with the selection of the field based on the researcher's interest in business ethics without an initial framework. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 24 participants using purposive and snowball sampling. Analysis was performed using line-by-line open coding, continuous comparison of codes, theoretical sampling to enrich categories, focusing on the central category, developing theory from analytical notes, and stopping at theoretical saturation. Findings were extracted from 156 initial codes. Key categories included financial and contractual transparency (such as honesty in contracts and clarity of financial goals), avoiding conflicts of interest (such as financial neutrality and segregation of duties), ethical interaction with the media and society (such as responsibility in advertising and social accountability), institutionalizing values in the organizational structure (such as internalizing values and preparing a code of ethics), training and transferring values (such as repeated training and behavioral modeling), ethical accountability and reporting (such as ethical reporting and accepting mistakes), and managing external pressures while maintaining principles (such as resilience in crisis and moral sustainability). The final conclusion emphasizes that this model not only places ethics as the center of decision-making, but also establishes a balance between economic and social interests and provides a practical model for sports clubs, with suggestions such as a blockchain system for transparency, virtual training programs, and a digital ethics committee for innovative implementation, suggesting to managers.
Sports management, marketing
javad moradi; Ali Hossien Zaher Mohsen
Abstract
Today, the key to the success of an organization and society is earning money for its survival. Without a secure income, society and various organizations will be dissolved and destroyed and cannot survive in a competitive environment. Income is a financial source that is injected into an organization ...
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Today, the key to the success of an organization and society is earning money for its survival. Without a secure income, society and various organizations will be dissolved and destroyed and cannot survive in a competitive environment. Income is a financial source that is injected into an organization in different ways and the organization can use it to produce goods and services. Reliable and stable income can provide the necessary facilities to meet the costs and expenses of organizations. In fact, income and financial resources are known as the driving force of sports organizations, clubs and leagues. Generating income is necessary for the development, effective planning and maintaining these organizations' independence. Research has shown that financial resources are vital for non-profit organizations such as sports federations and clubs. Non-profit sports organizations need financial support from the government and private institutions, but they prefer to organize sports activities independently (Iskandar et al, 2019). Every sports organization needs financial support to advance its programs and projects. These supports help the sports organization reach its goals (Solntsev, 2021). An important part of these resources is provided by the government. Other forms of income can be obtained from international organizations, marketing income, membership fees and donations. Nowadays, to introduce their company's name and provide their financial resources, many sports organizations refer to the companies which are interested in volunteering. In addition, clubs are capable of generating value and their revenue structure for buying and selling players, sales of secondary products (shirts, sports equipment, etc.), fan sponsorship, television rights, ticket sales and advertising are such that they can generate financial resources (Ljumović et al, 2022). Financing is one of the important issues in the field of financial management. Over the years, various methods have been developed in this field, the existence of various financial instruments can increase market efficiency and optimal allocation of resources (Dróżdż, 2021). Today, many professional clubs are well capable of playing an important role in the strategic performance of countries. Furthermore, the development and sustainable performance and especially the acquisition of financial resources and stable income have been given a lot of attention in today's football. The lack of balance and non-realization of sustainable incomes in different organizations of the football industry, such as clubs and different leagues, have been confirmed by various studies and reports from reputable institutions (Dunbar & Middleton, 2022).Meanwhile, managers of clubs and economic enterprises can play an essential role in strategic performance. Upon accepting the responsibility of financing, financial managers of companies or clubs must know the financial markets and financing methods in order to consider the most economical way of financing by using appropriate financial tools in the financial markets.Therefore, considering the importance of income generation for clubs and the issue of financing development of football clubs , and due to the fact that the relationship between football clubs' financing methods and their strategic performance has not been discussed so far , this scientific challenge seems to strongly require regular, codified and organized scientific research. It is clear that by carrying out such researches, suggestions can be given to governments and non-government policy makers so that they can take basic steps to develop the financing of football clubs and the ways to overcome the strategic performance of their organizations with research-based decisions and establish a financially successful break - even point in their clubs. With this approach, the researchers in this study intend to answer the following question: what are the financing methods and their relationship with the strategic performance of Iraq football clubs? This research is descriptive and correlational in terms of purpose and application. Its statistical population includes a selection of physical education professors of Iraq higher education institutions, managers and members of the physical education faculty of the Ministry of Science, coaches and referees and expert football experts, managers of public and private institutions active in the field of Iraq clubs who specialize in sports activities, especially football including 153 people who were selected as samples. The tools used in the current research include the researcher-made questionnaire and the standard strategic performance questionnaire of Slater et al. (2010). After confirming the validity of the questionnaires, the reliability of the questionnaires was obtained using Cronbach's alpha method, the financing questionnaire (0.89), and the strategic performance questionnaire (0.82). The data analysis of this research was done in the descriptive part by means of percentage frequency, average and standard deviation and in the inferential part including Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression tests using SPSS22 software. The results after the analysis showed that the income from holding competitions, sponsorship and commercial income, broadcast rights and infrastructure, and monetary and financial markets can significantly predict the strategic performance of Iraq football clubs. Based on the findings of the research and since earning more money can significantly predict the strategic performance of Iraq football clubs, it is suggested to increase the size of the sports market in Iraq by increasing the participation of economic enterprises, supporting large companies and financial sponsors, advertising and promoting products, goods and services, so that clubs can go through the commercialization process more easily. On the other hand, it seems that for the successful financing and commercialization of football clubs, a series of technical, economic and financial activities should be carried out in the light of the commercial registration of clubs as a commercial enterprise, so that clubs become institutions with a legal aspect and follow the rules of business. As a result, if the mechanism is well defined, clubs can achieve better financial success as also mentioned by other researchers (Szymanski & Weimar, 2019). They can continue to achieve sports success, and the club's sports success will also guarantee financial success and cause dynamism in clubs.
Sports management, marketing
Ramin Iraji Noghondar
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the sustainable marketing orientation questionnaire in the community of managers of active sports clubs in Mashhad. The The current research is descriptive and according to the psychometric properties of the sustainable ...
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Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the sustainable marketing orientation questionnaire in the community of managers of active sports clubs in Mashhad. The The current research is descriptive and according to the psychometric properties of the sustainable marketing scale in the environment of sports clubs, the method of data collection belongs to correlational designs. The statistical population of this research was made up of all managers of sports clubs in Mashhad (N=1400). In order to determine the number of statistical samples, Nanali and Orit's suggestion of a ratio of 10 subjects to 1 variable and Guilford's recommendation (observing the minimum sample size of 200 subjects), which is known as Müller's rule of thumb (1996), were used, and therefore, 278 questionnaires were used as sampling. Collected available. The measurement tool used is the sustainable marketing orientation questionnaire made by Lukik et al. (2020) which consists of 15 questions and has the components of strategic integration (questions 1 to 6), social engagement (questions 7 to 11) and ethical capabilities. (Questions 12 to 15). In order to check the validity of the translation, the measurement tool was determined from the standard translation-re-translation-translation method using the opinions of three professors fluent in English. In order to analyze the data, descriptive indices and statistical tests of Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald's omega coefficient, theta coefficient, Brown's classification, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used in SPSS, Lisrel and Stata statistical software.
The findings of exploratory factor analysis using varimax rotation showed that the criteria for extracting components, the slope of the scree curve and the eigenvalue were higher than 1, based on which three main components were identified, and therefore, using the exploratory factor analysis method, the questionnaire had 15 The question has 3 components. Also, the questions of the sustainable marketing orientation questionnaire explain 60.72% of the total variance. Therefore, the variance percentages for the strategic integration component are 13.26, the social participation component is 19.12, and the moral capabilities component is 28.34. The results of the factor load of the questions indicate that the factor load of all the questions is acceptable. According to the results obtained from the form and content validity of the sustainable marketing orientation questionnaire, the values of the CVR index are higher than 0.49 and the values of the CVI index are higher than 0.79. The results showed that the sustainable marketing orientation questionnaire has an acceptable internal reliability (θ=0.979, Ω=0.971, α=0.963). Also, the reliability of strategic integration components (θ=0.961, Ω=0.953, α=0.943), social participation (θ=0.886, Ω=0.869, α=0.846) and capabilities Ethical (θ=0.926, Ω=0.901, α=0.892). The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the relationship between questions (1 to 6) with the component of strategic integration, questions (7 to 11) with the component of social participation and questions (12 to 15) with the component of moral capabilities is significant. Also, the results showed that there is a significant relationship between the components of strategic integration, social participation and ethical capabilities with the concept of sustainable marketing orientation. The results showed that the ratio of X2 to df is equal to 2.32 and the root mean square error (RMSEA) is equal to 0.092, so the structural model of the questionnaire has the necessary fit. Also, the indices NFI=0.92, CFI=0.93, GFI=0.91, AGFI=0.90 and IFI=0.93 confirmed the fit of the structural model of the questionnaire. Therefore, in total, all 7 mentioned indicators confirm the fit of the model and it can be acknowledged that the sustainable marketing orientation model is suitable in terms of fit indicators and all three components mentioned can be integrated in the structural model of the questionnaire. The average variance extracted for all three components is higher than 0.5, so the convergent validity of the constructs is confirmed. Also, according to the combined reliability values (Dillon-Goldstein coefficient) for each of the structures, it is acceptable, and as a result, the reliability of the model is confirmed.
Finally, the internal and external validity of the presented model is confirmed. This result means that the structural equation model presented with the help of the software (Lisrel) in this research is a suitable structural model and fits the data obtained from this research. Based on this, it can be concluded that the data collected by this questionnaire can provide reliable results and provide researchers with accurate information. Based on the findings, the sustainable marketing orientation questionnaire is a reliable and valid scale that can be used to evaluate the performance of sports managers in the field of sustainable marketing and obtain reliable and stable results. Based on this, the sustainable marketing orientation model can provide detailed instructions on how to implement an effective sustainable marketing system to different sports managers.
